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DNA Fingerprinting.

DNA profiling, also known as DNA fingerprinting, is a forensic technique used to identify individuals based on their DNA. DNA is found in every cell of the human body, and it is unique to each individual, except for identical twins.

The process of DNA profiling involves the following steps:

  1. Collection of biological samples: A sample of biological material, such as blood, semen, saliva, or hair, is collected from the crime scene or from a suspect.
  2. DNA extraction: The DNA is extracted from the biological sample using various chemical and mechanical methods.
  3. DNA quantification: The amount of DNA extracted is quantified to ensure that there is enough DNA for the subsequent steps.
  4. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): The DNA is amplified using PCR, which is a process that copies specific regions of the DNA.
  5. DNA analysis: The amplified DNA is analyzed using various techniques, such as gel electrophoresis or capillary electrophoresis, to separate the DNA fragments based on their size and charge.
  6. DNA profiling: The DNA profile is created by comparing the sizes of specific DNA fragments, known as short tandem repeats (STRs), at multiple loci in the DNA.
  7. DNA database search: The DNA profile is searched against a database of known DNA profiles, such as CODIS (Combined DNA Index System), to identify potential matches.
  8. DNA interpretation: The DNA profile is interpreted by a forensic analyst, who determines the statistical significance of the match and provides a report for use in court.

DNA profiling is a powerful tool in forensic investigations, and it has been used to solve numerous crimes, including cold cases and wrongful convictions. However, it does have limitations, such as the potential for sample contamination or degradation, the need for sufficient DNA for analysis, and the potential for false matches or incomplete databases. 






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